Should the Legal Drinking Age Be Lowered to Eighteen

Should the legal alcohol drinking age be lowered to eighteen? At the age of eighteen years old, you are eligible to vote, you can legally purchase cigarettes, you are eligible for the military draft, you are willing to die for this country, you are even able to serve on a jury, and you are titled as an adult at the age of eighteen. Why can’t someone at the age of eighteen not drink alcohol? Who is to say that just because someone is twenty-one years of age means that they are wise enough to drink alcohol in an accountable conduct? There are several explanations why one ought to be able to drink alcohol at the age of eighteen. The minimum legal drinking age was not always twenty-one; it has fluctuated between twenty-one and eighteen over†¦show more content†¦By prohibiting them to drink alcohol, they feel as if you were treating them inferiorly, therefore, they must prove you wrong. To do this; they drink, and that’s not good nor making an improvement in our life quality. By lowering the drinking age, you would stop making alcohol such that the population must get in order to prove their superiority. By doing this, the thrill of breaking the law, would be gone. This would decrease underage, unsupervised drinking. Just because a person lives to be twenty-one does not determine how mature they are. For example, there are many teenagers in the world that are considerably to be more mature than the average twenty-one year old adult. When eighteen year olds are at a party or any place where there is drinking, most will not drink. The environments itself will tell an eighteen to behave and not to get out of hand. If they do drink, they will drink in consideration. But when a twenty-one year old is at a party or any place where there is drinking, most if not all will act in a wild manner. The determination of legality in drinking should not be based on age, but rather based on maturity and the ability to handle responsibility. The twenty-one restriction seems to be out of date in today’s society. Several organizations are targeting a change in the legal drinking age laws. Amethyst Initiative is a petition that has been signed by 135 colleges and universities thatShow MoreRelatedFor Years, The Debate About Deciding A Minimum Legal Drinking1638 Words   |  7 Pagesyears, the debate about deciding a minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) has plagued the United States. The arguments can include that intoxicated driving accidents will increase if the MLDA was lowered or that the current MLDA is not decreasing drinking among young adults at all. The torn arguments between ages eighteen and twenty-one have not proven one age to be the right answer to the problem of deciding a drinking age, but if the MLDA was lowered to age eighteen, it would be the most beneficial choiceRead MoreShould The Minimum Drinking Age Be Lowered?1138 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion whether drinking should be lowered to eighteen or not? Citizens have gave details regarding the affirmative and negative views of the minimum drinking age be lowered to eighteen. Do you think that it is wise to lower the minimum age? Would you look at the negative and positive impacts? Is it more important to give our citizens these full rights? Currently, in the United States the legal drinking age is twenty-one. But as we all know many teenages are involved in underage drinking. But the mainRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1479 Words   |  6 Pages The legal drinking age in the United States has been argued for many decades. The current minimal legal drinking age is twenty-one but some want to lower between eighteen and twenty. The main focus of the research conducted and opinions of people are based on the minimal legal drinking age of eighteen. The research is taken from the 1970s, when the twenty-sixth Amendment was passed in the Constitution (Wagenaar, 206). It was stated that eighteen is the â€Å"age of majority†, so thirty-nine of theRead MoreMinimum Legal Drinking Age Sh ould Remain at the Age of 21 Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesWithout a doubt, the United States has been facing serious national problems with underage drinking. Depending on personal ideologies, some people might not agree that the current minimum drinking age of twenty-one is based on scientific facts rather then ideology of prohibitionism. For example, since 1975 over seventeen thousand lives have been saved since the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) was changed to age twenty-one (Balkin 167). This shows that even over a short amount of time, a higher MLDARead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered955 Words   |  4 PagesGovernment requires the states to enforce a legal drinking age of twenty-one. Where as the world average drinking age is eighteen, and in some Countries it is even lower where it is possible to get a beer at sixteen years of age. Taking that into consideration, there is a great deal of controversy in the United States on what the legal age should be to purchase and consume an alcoholic beverage. The largest issue being that you are considered to be an adult at eighteen and can buy cigarettes and other tobaccoRead MoreEighteen is too Dangerous886 Words   |  4 PagesHas anyone been harmed from underage drinking that you may know of, whether it’s from over dosing or a severe car accident? The topic of lowering the drinking age to eighteen in the United States is very debatable subject because many people have a difficult time deciding which side to support. Many of the negative issues for the low drinking age would have of an effect on the future, which is why the reform should not be put into action. Reasons include health issues, irresponsibility, and deathsRead MoreShould The Legal Age Be Lowered?1326 Words   |  6 PagesShould the legal age be lowered? There are many arguments on why the legal drinking age should be lowered to eighteen. To some, lowering the drinking age to eighteen makes sense and to others it does not make sense at all. Most people believe that if eighteen year olds are old enough to make big decisions such as enlist in the Army, Navy, or other Military services then eighteen year olds are old enough to drink also. Not only does lowering the legal drinking age put the drinker at harm but alsoRead MoreLegal Drinking Age : Should It Be Altered?1408 Words   |  6 Pages Legal Drinking Age: Should It Be Altered? The legal drinking age has been an ongoing controversy for decades, consisting of people who are for lowering, raising, or keeping the age with multiple reasons behind each side. It is commonly known that consuming alcohol can have life-threatening effects on the human body, but these effects can be much harsher at a younger age. Reducing the age for eighteen year olds may result in senseless acts from the drug. Statistics prove that maintainingRead MoreBanning College Students From Consuming Alcohol Before The Age Of Age847 Words   |  4 Pageslaw that prohibits college students from consuming alcohol before the age of twenty-one has a negative effect on the college campus because underage uncontrolled drinking occurs more often. If citizens of the United States are old enough to make life changing decisions for themselves and the country as a whole, why can t they buy an alcoholic drink? The current legal drinking age is twenty-one, but it should be lowered to eighteen and controlled in a safe environment. The National Institute on AlcoholRead MoreLowering The Alcohol Drinking Age1602 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol Drinking Age Now a day’s teens that are under the age of twenty-one are out in trouble and drinking. They know that they are not old enough to drink and that is what makes them want to drink even more. Teens drink when they are not suppose to, but they know that when they drink, they must stay out of trouble. Lowering the alcohol drinking age will keep a bunch of teens out of trouble. If teens can stay safe while drinking then they should allow eighteen year olds to drink. Eighteen year olds

Essay on Corporate Accounting

Question: Write an essay on Corporate Accounting. Answer: Introduction The sustainability practice is rapidly increasing among the contemporary organization and in order to improve the sustainability quotient of a company the company is engaging in the process of development more effective sustainable strategies so that the company can improve its sustainability. The companies try to develop sustainable business practice so that the companies can reduce the emission of green house gasses such as carbon die oxide, carbon mono oxide, and methane etc (Anil Kumar, Kumar and Mariyappa, 2010). These green house gases have severe environmental impact as these increases the pollution level and the substantial cause of global warming. The companies also play some social responsibilities in order associated with the societies, where the companies performing their business activities. Apart from this, in order to perform the business activities the companies have to maintain the legal aspect of the country so that the companies can be able to minimize the legal is sue in order to perform the business activities and can provide optimum focus on their core business activities so that the companies can be able to accomplish sustainable growth and development (De Cort et al., 2009). Presently the companies tend to report sustainability in the annual report of the company as well as several companies use to publish separate environmental or sustainability report for the users who want to know about the financial performance as well as environmental performance of the company. The bodies like International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) and AASB have different reporting style for the environmental accounting. There are reporting styles like IAS/IFRS which report the environmental accountability. This report will analyze various reporting standard along with environmental disclosure. Main body Environmental reporting The environmental reporting shows the debate in the society and the business for the case of the limits that are provided for the purpose of the business accountability. It generally reflects on the models of the stockholders or the stakeholders continuum and also signifies the seven positions of the corporate responsibility. Thus it also helps in the development of the issues for the proper creation of the common traditional belief and thus also needs for the creation of the accounting standards and thus it also helps in enlisting the rules for the creation of the proper responsibility towards the environment of the organization (Kumar and Mariyappa, 2010). Thus the accounting standards are also required for the creation of the environmental impacts that are required for the proper enhancement of the issues that helps in the proper enhancement of the corporate responsibility. Environmental reporting also includes the developmental strategies that help in the creation of the developm ent of the organization and thus it also takes account of the responsibility that is created for the proper enhancement of the issues. Thud it also hlps in the proper evaluation accounting issues related to the impacts created in the society for the proper creation of the development of the issues and thus it also helps in the proper enhancement of the environmental conditions that are identified by the process of the IASB/AASB acts for the proper provision of the annual report enhancement of the environment reporting issues (Miller, 2010). There are different other issues that are helps in facilitating the reports created on the environmental impacts and also helps in the provision of the consequences of the impact of the activities that are carried out in the organization for the propr maintenance of the issues and thus the report is created to provide the full satisfaction to the companys overview and thus it also helps in the proper expansion of the business. Environmental issues related to GPFR There are various environmental issues that are connected to the involvement of the growth hampering of the organization. The financial reporting standards are initiated for the proper enhancement of the issues that are requisite for the growth of the environmental issue that is identified for the growth and the development of the standards (Mukherjee and Mohammed Hanif., 2006). Thus it also helps in the proper enhancement of the environmental disclosures that helps in the identification of the environmental issues. Thus it also helps in the proper provision of the issues that are related to the financial materials of the environment issues which is eventually requisite for the shareholders, investors and the other stakeholders. For the betterment of the business, the environmental impacts need to be solved for the creation of a successful and the sustainable environment. Thus for the proper creation of the environmental impact, the environmental directives are appointed in the organ ization for the proper identification of the issues that are related to the growth and the enhancement of the organization. Thus the accounting structures are crated for the proper generation and the calculation of the environmental issues. The GPFR i.e. the general purpose financial reports which provides the proper examples of the financial reporting standards for the proper evaluation of the issues. Thus, the variation of the tangible and the intangible assets includes the measurements that help in the proper generation of the issues (Pahuja, 2009). The issues of the environmental reporting also consist of the environmental contamination, allowances and the transactions that are related to the EU transmission and the cost of the waste disposals. Thus it also helps in the proper determination of the issues that are related to the development of the factors that are required for the proper creation of the enhancements in the environment. It also helps in the proper identification o f the abovementioned issues for the proper enhancement of the disposal chains for the creation of the proper environment in the organization. Thus the CSR strategy is used for the complete formation of the organization for the purpose of mitigating the issues that are related to the enhancement of the environment related to the impacts created by the materials (Polankova, Manlig and Kralikova, 2015). Identification of accounting standards that is relevant to the accounting standards The main objective of the International Accounting Standards Board is to promote the International Accounting standards for the observance and acceptance so that accounting practices in different nations are harmonized. However, there is no accounting standard that deals with the accounting issues in the annual reports of the company (Rajasekaran and Lalitha, 2011). The IFRS/IAS analysis shows that are no International Accounting Standards that deals with the environment accounting. However, IFRIC 3 commonly deals with the emission rights, the IFRS 8 defines the reportable segments and IAS 38 commonly deals with impairment of the emission rights. IAS 39, IFRS 7 and IAS 32 deal with the presentation, recognition, measurement and disclosure of the financial instruments. The IFRS 6 deals with the exploration and evaluation of the mineral resources. The IAS 37 commonly deals with contingent assets, contingent liabilities and provisions. The objective of the IAS 1 is to describe the basis for the presentation of purpose of financial statements and setting out requirements and guidelines for preparation of financial statements (Rana, 2010). The risk of environment has no exception and should be handled in same way as other costs, revenues, liabilities and assets. The organizations are encouraged according to IAS 1 to furnish non financial information and other information in addition to the financial statements. Thus, the information can be in the form of the environment reports or any other statements. IA 16 provides guidance on treatment of the environmental expenditures that are related to plant, property and equipment. The paragraph 24 permits the expenditure that is related to an item of plant, equipment and property. IAS 36 commonly deals with the impairment of the assets. The impairment is the event that causes decrease in the value of the fixed assets (Reporting environmental information in annual reports, 2008). The reason behind this can be changes in the e nvironmental legislation and the assets should be immediately written down to reflect environmental position. The IAS 36 shows that the assets impairment requires that old plant should be reviewed for the impairment. The IAS 37 contingent assets, contingent liabilities and provisions states that the conditions should be met before the provision that may be recognized (Shim et al., 2012). Therefore, is an organization created an environmental contamination then it may not be an legal obligation if the company is acting in an environmental responsible way. Assessment of annual report of a company to analyze sustainability In order to verify environmental accountability Woolworths Ltd has been selected and in this report the companys CSR reporting has been investigated so that the companys environmental friendly business activities can be recognized. The Woolworths is one of the leading Australian company and the company mainly doing business in retail sector (Soyka, 2013). As per several international rating entities Woolworths is one of the most sustainable business organization of the world. The company put great emphasis on developing as well as applying effective environmental strategies so that the company can minimized the environmental impact by the environment efficient business activities. The company can be able to reduce 40% carbon emission, which is equal to the carbon emission level of 2006. Within this period the business activities and the growth of the company is increased substantially but the company able to maintain the carbon emission rate as per 2006 (Special issue of Management A ccounting Research: Risk management, corporate governance and management accounting, 2006). With the help, of the Water Wise Project the company save 200 million litres of water each years, thus reduce the use of natural resources and improve environmental sustainability. Besides this, there are reports that the company has implemented 3.4 million reusable crates in order to replace single use waxed boxes in order to reduce the use of natural resources and improve the environmental sustainability. Besides this, the company try to put efforts on zero percent wastage of food and 25% reduction in carbon emissions when delivered cartoons by Woolworths owned truck. In this way the company put great emphasis on reducing environmental impact and with effective sustainability strategies the company can be bale to minimize the environmental impact as well as improving the sustainability quotients of the company (Sullivan and Bell, 2009). The company provide priority to the following issue: The climate changes Usages of energy Emission of green house gases Usage of fossil fuel and related issue of green house gas emission Direct usage of natural water Waste formation from the entire store of the company Store development The sustainability strategies of the company help to meet the social responsibility of the business organization and help in minimizing the potential issues related to business (Tilbury and Janousek, 2006). Conclusion The sustainability practice is common in the contemporary business organization. There are several organizations, which are playing significant role in increasing environmental sustainability concern thus, the contemporary business organizations forced to put great emphasis developing strategies and carry out the business activities in a sustainable way so that the environmental impact can be minimized (Verma, 2008). In this way the companies reduce environmental impact by using limited natural resources and develop sustainable business activities. There are reporting styles IAS/IFRS, which have provision to report the environmental accountability. However, there are few issues, which are difficult to report with the financial reporting thus the companies try to publish separate reporting for environmental accountability thus; the companies publish the CSR report separately. References Anil Kumar, S., Kumar, V. and Mariyappa, B. (2010).Corporate accounting. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. De Cort, M., Tollefsen, T., Marsano, A. and Gitzinger, C. (2009).Environmental radioactivity in the European Community. Luxembourg: Publications Office. Kumar, D. and Mariyappa, B. (2010).Corporate Accounting. Himalaya Publishing House. Miller, A. (2010). Corporate Governance and Corporate Performance: UK FTSE 350 Companies.The British Accounting Review, 42(2), pp.132-133. Mukherjee, A. and Mohammed Hanif., (2006).Corporate accounting. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. Pahuja, S. (2009).Environmental accounting and reporting. New Delhi: New Century. Polankova, M., Manlig, F. and Kralikova, R. (2015). ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTING IN THE ENTERPRISE AND RELATED ISSUES.MM SJ, 2015(03), pp.691-695. Rajasekaran, V. and Lalitha, R. (2011).Corporate accounting. Noida, India: Pearson. Rana, G. (2010).Corporate accounting. Jaipur: ABD Publishers. Reporting environmental information in annual reports. (2008). Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers. Shim, J., Siegel, J., Shim, A. and Shim, J. (2012).CFO fundamentals. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Soyka, P. (2013). The International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) Integrated Reporting Framework: Toward Better Sustainability Reporting and (Way) Beyond.Environmental Quality Management, 23(2), pp.1-14. Special issue of Management Accounting Research: Risk management, corporate governance and management accounting. (2006).Management Accounting Research, 17(2), pp.224-225. Sullivan, T. and Bell, C. (2009).Environmental Law Handbook. Lanham, Md.: Government Institutes. Tilbury, D. and Janousek, S. (2006).Development of a national approach to monitoring, assessment and reporting on the decade of Education for Sustainable Development. North Ryde, N.S.W.: Australian Research Institute in Education for Sustainability. Verma, K. (2008).Corporate accounting. New Delhi: Excel Books.

The matching hypothesis Essay Example

The matching hypothesis Paper There are many factors involved in the formation of relationships, proximity, exposure and family, similarity, physical attractiveness, complementarily, competence and reciprocal liking. In this investigation, the research will explore attractiveness, specifically the match hypothesis. Zuckerman et al (1995) reported that the more attractive a person seemed to be, the more positive was anothers overall impression of that person. Symons (1979) showed that a womans physical health, age, and uniqueness are attractive to men whereas a mans status, height, skills, and abilities are attractive to women. Berry and Miller (2001) found that males rated physical attractiveness as the best predictor for higher quality interactions with woman, while woman rated sociability as the most important factor for men. A study was carried out by Walster et al in 1966 known as the computer dance study. 752 freshers took part. First they were told to fill in a questionnaire, after which they were told that they had been allocated an ideal partner for the evening of the dance. These pairings however, had been made at random on basis of their physical attractiveness. Students were asked how much they liked their date and if they wanted to see them again. They found that physical attractiveness was the single biggest predictor of how much each date had been liked by both male and the female participants. The desire of another date was determined by the attractiveness of the female, irrespective of the attractiveness of the male. When we see a person in the street we automatically rate that persons attractiveness, whether we do it consciously or unconsciously. We will write a custom essay sample on The matching hypothesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The matching hypothesis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The matching hypothesis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The matching hypothesis is a popular psychological theory proposed by Walster et al. 1966, on what causes people to be attracted to their partners. It claims that people are more likely to form long- lasting relationships with people who are roughly equally as physically attractive as themselves. This investigation is going to replicate this study. The matching phenomenon of physical attraction between marriage partners is stable within and across generations, Price and Vandenberg 1979. Several studies have tested the matching hypothesis. These studies generally show that people rated as being of high, low or average attractiveness tend to choose partners of a corresponding level of attractiveness. Several studies have been carried out that explore this field of interest for, Murstein (1972) who also supports the matching hypothesis did a study with photographs of the faces of steady or engaged couples were compared with random couples. The real couples were consistently judged to be more similar to each other in levels of physical attractiveness than the random pairs. Murstein summarised the findings of the study as: Individuals with equal market value for physical attractiveness are more likely to associate in an intimate relationship such as engagement that individuals with disparate values. In simple terms, he found that people with roughly equal attractiveness are more likely to establish an intimate relationship, than if one person out of the couple was seen as being unattractive and the other attractive. This investigation focuses on couples separate attractiveness and their attractiveness as a couple, analysing singular attractiveness and coupled attractiveness. The aim of the study is to investigate the matching hypothesis and to test whether there is a positive correlation between the scores of perceived attractiveness of the male and female of the married couples and also as a couple. This investigation differs to previous studies carried out in this area of interest, as the photographs are not separated and the males and females are rated separately in terms of attractiveness. Participants were also asked to rate the photos as a couple. The hypothesis: There would be a positive correlation between participants perceived scores of attractiveness of photographs of married couples. Null hypothesis: There would be no correlation between participants perceived scores of attractiveness of photographs of married couples. Method The method chosen for this study was a correlational research method, as a relationship between the two variables was being investigated. The co-variance is the male and female scores. All the photos used throughout the procedure are obtained from articles from a local newspaper. After the photos are obtained, record sheets will be produced on which the participants will rate the couples. The photos used will be kept together (i. e. they will not be cut into separate male and female sections) for the simple reason that I am also asking the question; do the couples match each other? This would be impossible to do so if the photographs were separated. This also makes my investigation more original. The participants will then be presented with forms like the record sheet (appendix). Cause and analysis was the appropriate method for this investigation as it provides information on the strength of a relationship between specific variables.

The Arrival

The Arrival Arrival Arrival is a poem that is written in free verse. The style of the writing is imagery and figurative expression, which describes the scene in the poem. This poem is mainly about a biologist who observes and studies the turtles. He wonders where the turtles are from and where they are going. In the end of the story, he still does not know the secrets behind these turtles. The review on this poem will include the theme, the tone, the mood, the style, the rhythm and the strength of the poem.The tone in this poem is energetic. The author describes the character in this poem as a passionate biologist who observes and studies the turtles. In the paragraph, it states, ‚ ¡night turns to early morning he drowses over a cup of cold coffee in the lab.‚ ¡Ã‚‚ Therefore, it can be proved that he does the observation on the turtles because he is enthusiastic in studying them and his attitude is positive towards them.Turtles in the pondIn the poem, ‚ ¡where do they come fr om‚ ¡Ã‚‚ and ‚ ¡where do they go‚ ¡Ã‚‚ has been asked several times. He is eager to know the secrets behind the turtles and wants to explore the arrival of the turtles. Just as he wants to know the secrets behind the turtles, he fell in sleep on his desk, and missed the beautiful scene he waits to see.The mood of this poem is very melancholic. In the third paragraph of the poem, it states, ‚ ¡he waits for arribada, the arrival of the turtles, for the tears to stream from dark, mournful eyes.‚ ¡Ã‚‚ Therefore, the character has the depressing mood because the turtles coming a long way to lay their eggs touch him. In the first paragraph, it said...

Negotiation Planning Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Negotiation Planning - Case Study Example They provide an estimate with respect to the direct material and direct labour, and this puts the ball in their court despite the company or the buyer providing their estimates with regard to direct material and labour in order to make the modifications, because the sellers are the ones being used for their services. Furthermore, the sellers are in a better position because they are able to quote a price that covers damages caused during the process of making modifications and, thus, keeping aside a negligible amount for the same. They also have taken into account an estimate for spoilage, new items, etc. in order to be on the safer side, keeping their profit margin at the best possible rate for the buyers. 3. In a contract, each party will do its best to emerge as the winner and have the best possible consideration at his/her end. In this contract, the sellers are in a better position than the buyers; however, it must be understood that the two parties do have misconceptions regardi ng one another. First, the buyers are doing their best to decrease the material and labour costs as much as they can because of the price that they will have to pay. The sellers, on the other hand, are trying to negotiate the same in order to maintain a profit margin, as well as to keep room for damages and arrears. The sellers must understand that the optical instruments require modifications to be done within the best possible cost estimate in order to keep the buyers from shelling out much money. Nonetheless, the misconception that the buyers have that the sellers will give them a quote more than they expect may be considered outside the scope of negotiation because ultimately, the buyers need to look into quality and take into account that they would be ready to pay the estimate rolled out by the sellers in order to be left with the best possible end results which will, in turn, help them cover the investments that they made. It is yet again another misconception for the buyers or the Gilbert Company to estimate the overheads and material costs that will be required for the purpose of modification, because the sellers will be able to provide a better estimate knowing that they have to provide their services while keeping a 10% profit margin. 2. In the second answer, we need to analyse the data carefully to ascertain the elementary assessment of the information. Negotiation Plan for the Buyer: The buyer’s position over here is conceptually taken on a different role than the seller’s position. When Pilgrim asked for a cost analysis programme to be conducted for the product, there was a major difference between the cost analyses of Gilbert and Price Analyst. This catapulted Pilgrim to extract the date based on the report conducted by both the parties and a combination of the report between these two parties was evolved to determine the actual cost elements in the negotiation planning. Pilgrim finally called Price Analyst to conduct a negotiation plan for the company since there was an immense difference coming out of the analyses conducted by Gilbert and Price Analyst. The proposed price by Pilgrim was 225,893 USD. This was the price at which he ideally wanted to sell all his 45 optical instruments to the buyer, which is Gilbert Instruments. Price analyst in its analyses compared the labour rates, the GA rates and the Overhead rates which went in modifying the optical instruments at the peak of their prowess. At the current level which is designed by the Price analyst,

Structure and Agency in Media and Culture Essay

Structure and Agency in Media and Culture - Essay Example The paper tells that a debate, ongoing for decades is persistent in determining the relationship between structure and agency. There is a constant struggle to bridge the structure-agency relationship void and many approaches and theories have been presented in this regard. This paper suggests that Critical Realism Theory offers a solution by presenting a practical way to encounter the problem of structure- agency relations and contexts. Whether considering the voluntary or planned actions of subjects, or micro/macro analysis of a society or individual, the debate on structure and agency relationship keeps recurring. This critical realist approach contends that structure and agency relationship must be studied in order to better understand and explain society or social actions. This ought to be accomplished to achieve a stable state of society and also to accommodate positive social change encompassing individual innovation. The Critical Theory is born with the assumption that social world needs improvement and reforms, as it is deeply flawed. This theory also refutes prediction and explanation to control the social world. The sole aim of this theory is to study the social world in order to change it for the better. It criticizes and seeks to change the imposing social order. Critical theory is political in nature as challenges and confronts the way people are ruled. It is also critical of the organizations that exercise unleashed power to obtain their goals. The theory believes that the social world is the result of interaction between structure and agency.... In order to get close to the solutions of agency-structure problem, we ought to consider the evolutionary cycles of behavior for each ontological position (Hay). The intertwined relationship between agency and structure presents many solutions in a coherent and systematic manner. Taking a different discourse to the assumption that agency and structure clearly differentiated domains and each action requires a pre-existing structure (Archer, 198), whereas the critical realist theory asserts that condition and medium of agency conduct are necessary pre-requisites for the constitution of structures. Their existence is relationally dialectical and neither can exist in isolation from the other (Hay). We are not in substantial control of the social contexts in which we live in, however it definitely requires the exercise of agency to become someone and be labeled as such (Agency Textbook, 2). The agent’s particular decisions and acts are influenced by contexts in which the decision i s made. Engaging in certain acts is a result of contextual factors and our choices are a by- product of the uncontrollable contexts as we learn to want the things in relation to the contextual surroundings. Rather than an inborn source, our dreams, aspirations, and agency are intertwined with the contextual sources (Agency Textbook, 2). The dynamics of power determine the enabling and constraint of agency as one has to demonstrate a certain amount of power to exercise agency. Power is continually negotiated and shifts frequently with a multiple, decentralized, and diffused structure (Agency Textbook, 3). The complex structure of power influences agency significantly because how power is exercised on us and how we demonstrate power,

Relationship between Theory and Practice Essay Example for Free

Relationship between Theory and Practice Essay Cognitive development indicates growth of the ability to reflect and explain. Lev Semionovich Vygotsky and Jean Piaget were greatly contributed to the cognitive development section of Psychology. The way small kids discover surrounding environment and psychologically develop plays a key role in their learning processes and skills. By learning the process of cognitive development supervisors give themselves a chance to great extent meet the requirements of the individual demands of each separate child. Vygotsky and Piaget were considered to be constructivists. Constructivism is a method of training and learning based on the idea that cognition is the consequence of psychological construction. To put it differently, children obtain knowledge making compatible their previous experience and new fresh information. Constructivists believe that learning is influenced by the situation in which a concept is delivered also by childrens attitudes and values. Another common feature between Vygotsky and Piaget is that they both think that the limits of cognitive development were set by societal influences. Unfortunately, this is the point where the correspondence between Vygotsky and Piaget comes to an end. There is a great difference between both theories of highly indicated scientists. Piaget claimed that mental growth came from activity. He believed that students learn by means of communicating with their surroundings and that learning takes place after growth. On the other hand, Vygotsky held that knowledge takes place prior to the growth that can occur and that children learn because of history and symbolism. Vygotsky also claimed that students appreciate effort from their surrounding environment and from other people such as teachers and parents as well. Piaget did not consider the latter to be true. Vygotskys and Piaget concepts on cognitive development also have different attitudes. School systems and teachers have been practicing the cognitive development theories of Vygotsky and Piaget for quite a while. A good illustration of Piagentian training could be arranged in a preschool environment. Through the preschool period Piaget considers students as being at the Preoperational level and as a consequence they are more likely to be self-centered. Consequently, it would be fair to discuss things with preschool age children from their own points of view as they will feel their experiences are unique and precious. During classroom activities one student might say the glass of milk that another student brought to classroom to share is half empty while the student who brought the glass may consider the glass to be half full. Neither student is wrong in this example, the glass can be characterized by both descriptions but they may believe it due to the fact that each accordingly likes or dislikes milk. Application of Vygotskys cognitive development theory could occur in a first grade classroom. First grade children are frequently characterized by having varying stages of knowledge. Some students may already know letters and how to read while others are still making attempt to improve this process. An optimal option to assist the students who are not reading as well as the others includes ensuring these children aid speaking out a word when they get stuck while reading a text. With these preliminary considerations in mind it would be well to conclude that cognitive development plays a central part in learning and thinking approaches of students. Vygotsky and Piaget provide valuable knowledge and data into the possible ways students learn and by employing these concepts it is possible to design a more advantageous learning context for each student. To get deeper understanding of Vygotsky’s theory it would be useful to visit the web-site http://www. newfoundations. com/gallery/Vygotsky. html. It suggests a number of approaches provided by in-depth studies and research of the scientist. Vygotsky tries to find answers to questions such as â€Å"What is a human being? †, â€Å"What is knowledge? †, â€Å"What is learning? †, â€Å"What is society? †, or â€Å"Who is to be educated? †. One more web resource that provides valuable insight into the researches conducted by Piaget is http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/piaget. html. To apply theory into practice we may observe that preoperational stage includes symbolism which means that the child already understands parallel notions of objects. For instance, to develop business skills from the early age it would be very useful to set an activity where objects replace real things: paper instead of money, books instead of TV-sets to be sold, etc. These two particular web-sites were chosen because besides the theory itself they also include practice and illustrations. They describe how the results of the studies may be applied in learning and teaching processes.