Relationship between Theory and Practice Essay Example for Free

Relationship between Theory and Practice Essay Cognitive development indicates growth of the ability to reflect and explain. Lev Semionovich Vygotsky and Jean Piaget were greatly contributed to the cognitive development section of Psychology. The way small kids discover surrounding environment and psychologically develop plays a key role in their learning processes and skills. By learning the process of cognitive development supervisors give themselves a chance to great extent meet the requirements of the individual demands of each separate child. Vygotsky and Piaget were considered to be constructivists. Constructivism is a method of training and learning based on the idea that cognition is the consequence of psychological construction. To put it differently, children obtain knowledge making compatible their previous experience and new fresh information. Constructivists believe that learning is influenced by the situation in which a concept is delivered also by childrens attitudes and values. Another common feature between Vygotsky and Piaget is that they both think that the limits of cognitive development were set by societal influences. Unfortunately, this is the point where the correspondence between Vygotsky and Piaget comes to an end. There is a great difference between both theories of highly indicated scientists. Piaget claimed that mental growth came from activity. He believed that students learn by means of communicating with their surroundings and that learning takes place after growth. On the other hand, Vygotsky held that knowledge takes place prior to the growth that can occur and that children learn because of history and symbolism. Vygotsky also claimed that students appreciate effort from their surrounding environment and from other people such as teachers and parents as well. Piaget did not consider the latter to be true. Vygotskys and Piaget concepts on cognitive development also have different attitudes. School systems and teachers have been practicing the cognitive development theories of Vygotsky and Piaget for quite a while. A good illustration of Piagentian training could be arranged in a preschool environment. Through the preschool period Piaget considers students as being at the Preoperational level and as a consequence they are more likely to be self-centered. Consequently, it would be fair to discuss things with preschool age children from their own points of view as they will feel their experiences are unique and precious. During classroom activities one student might say the glass of milk that another student brought to classroom to share is half empty while the student who brought the glass may consider the glass to be half full. Neither student is wrong in this example, the glass can be characterized by both descriptions but they may believe it due to the fact that each accordingly likes or dislikes milk. Application of Vygotskys cognitive development theory could occur in a first grade classroom. First grade children are frequently characterized by having varying stages of knowledge. Some students may already know letters and how to read while others are still making attempt to improve this process. An optimal option to assist the students who are not reading as well as the others includes ensuring these children aid speaking out a word when they get stuck while reading a text. With these preliminary considerations in mind it would be well to conclude that cognitive development plays a central part in learning and thinking approaches of students. Vygotsky and Piaget provide valuable knowledge and data into the possible ways students learn and by employing these concepts it is possible to design a more advantageous learning context for each student. To get deeper understanding of Vygotsky’s theory it would be useful to visit the web-site http://www. newfoundations. com/gallery/Vygotsky. html. It suggests a number of approaches provided by in-depth studies and research of the scientist. Vygotsky tries to find answers to questions such as â€Å"What is a human being? †, â€Å"What is knowledge? †, â€Å"What is learning? †, â€Å"What is society? †, or â€Å"Who is to be educated? †. One more web resource that provides valuable insight into the researches conducted by Piaget is http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/piaget. html. To apply theory into practice we may observe that preoperational stage includes symbolism which means that the child already understands parallel notions of objects. For instance, to develop business skills from the early age it would be very useful to set an activity where objects replace real things: paper instead of money, books instead of TV-sets to be sold, etc. These two particular web-sites were chosen because besides the theory itself they also include practice and illustrations. They describe how the results of the studies may be applied in learning and teaching processes.

My Business Idea Essay -- Business and Management Studies

My Business Idea In my coursework I intend to start my own business. I will devise my own business plan which outlines my business proposal and the key aspects, during this I will need to seek good business advice on the necessary steps I will have to make. As I go through the coursework I will show evidence, examples and explain how businesses are set up, what types of businesses there are and their similarities, the kind of targets businesses set for themselves and also the different objectives of different stakeholders. For my business I plan to sell toys and other game products that educate young children under the age of 11. Starting up a business is difficult and risky. Anyone setting up needs to consider: Â · Whether they have the right experience and skills to make the business a success. Â · How they are going to produce and market their product or service. Â · Where they are going to get finance for the business. Â · How they can get help and advice that is available to them from outside the business. Â · What will happen if the business is not a success? Identifying the opportunity Identifying a business opportunity is the first thing a person wanting to set up his or hers own business must do. The business opportunity is most likely to come from what they are already doing in work and the contacts they have. People with no experience are more likely to find it difficult to set up a business and make it a success. This is the reason why most people who set up their own business have already had experience of working in an industry. They then have to find out whether the idea will work. Researching the market ====================== Businesses only survive if they can attract customers and at least make enough money to cover their costs. So it is important to find out whether there are likely to be enough customers. There are two ways of researching the market. * Desk Research – involves finding existing information about the market. For example, a person wanting to set up a beauty salon would look in the Yellow Pages to find the locations of other salons in the area in order to assess the likely competition. * Field Research – involves finding information that is not available in books etc. For instance, questionnaires and surveys are a good way of finding out whether there is a... ...ers in a business disagree, it can be very bad for the business. This is the main reason why businesses in partnerships draw up a Deed of Partnership. This is a legal contract which sets out: * Who are the partners; * How much money or capital each partner has put into the partnership; * How profits should be shared out; * How many votes each partner has in any partnership meeting; * What happens if any of the partners want to withdraw from the business or if new partners are brought in? If there is no deed of partnership, the law states that every partner is equal. Each partner then gets an equal share of the profit and has the same voting power as any other partner. The basic objectives for my business are: - To make the largest possible profit - To grow and expand - To survive (break even) - To provide a service and quality products to ensure the satisfactory of our customers The targets for my business are: - Growth in profits - Growth in sales turnover - Increase in market share - Expansion of the product range - Selling into more areas of the country or the world - To become an even bigger business like a PLC

Research questionnaires Essay

The ways in which the experiments presented above differ is in regard to the setting in which they are conducted. Some are laboratory experiments that take place in a setting created by researchers, and others such as field experiments are conducted in a participants natural setting. Additional ways for communication researchers to conduct there studies would be research questionnaires which ask participants to write their answers to questions researchers pose and panel studies which are surveys in which responses from the same people are obtained to learn how their beliefs, attitudes, and/or behaviors change. There are particular strengths and weaknesses of each type of experiment done. Panel studies for instance allow, â€Å"researchers to be more confident about attributing patterns of cause in effect in survey data,† (Dominick 415) and they are more reliable. Another strength of the panel study is the benefit of, â€Å"longitudinal observation of the individual through time,† (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_study), and the compilation of information at a nice pace makes the withdraw inaccuracies condensed. On the weakness side of these studies, panel members cannot be replaced, so panel studies are threatened by participant morality which means that there are potential problems due to the loss of respondents. Such a substantial loss of respondents can compromise the results of the study. Other weaknesses include that, â€Å"panel †¦ {studies} are expensive to conduct, are sensitive to attrition and take a long time to generate useful data,† (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_study). Another way communication researcher’s conduct a study is by using a questionnaire. Researchers using questionnaires communicate via written messages and usually do not converse with respondents. There are many strength’s of questionnaires; one would be that they are not very expensive. This type of research reaches large audiences and allows them to respond at their convenience. They require fewer personnel and can be administered consistently by different researchers, since the same written form, asking the same questions, may be used in exactly the same way time after time. Questionnaires minimize potential influence of outside events as all people receive questionnaires at the same time. They also increase respondent’s  anonymity and increase accuracy of data because respondents record their own data. Nevertheless, such unvarying replies might aggravate researchers. Questionnaires are also restricted by the fact that respondents are required to read the que stions and respond to them. Therefore, for some demographic groups, conducting a survey by questionnaire may not be realistic. An additional way for communication researchers to conduct investigating is by laboratory experiments. A laboratory setting allows researchers to, â€Å"Manipulate independent variables,† (Hocking 206-207), easily, randomly assign research participants to conditions, control for the effects of unrelated influences, and measure participant’s behavior cleanly, especially there communication behavior. Laboratory experiments help researchers conduct highly controlled full experiments. Lab experiments â€Å"are useful because they help establish causality,† (Dominick 416). Laboratory experiments allow researchers to exercise high control, but often, â€Å"they can minimize external validity,† (Hocking 204), because participants may respond differently in laboratories than in natural settings. The last communication tool researcher’s use is field experiments. Field experiments cannot randomly assign research participants to conditions or manipulate variables as can a laboratory experiment. But they can conduct full experiments. This means that that communication researchers can conduct there experiment in a natural setting, â€Å"which maximizes external validity,† (Hocking 206). Field experiments can also establish causality as do laboratory experiments. Wrapping up, the quality of experimental research is determined not by where it takes place, but the amount of control researcher’s exercise. Whether laboratory, field, panel or questionnaires, communication researchers, â€Å"exercise high control when they are able to manipulate independent variables,† (Hocking 211), randomly assign participants to create equivalent conditions and control for the effects of extraneous influences. Bibliography Dominick, Joseph R. The Dynamics of Mass Communication. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. 393-437. Hocking, John E., John W. Stacks, and Steven T. McDermott. Communication Research. 3rd Ed. New York: Allyn & Bacon, 2002. 200-215. â€Å"Panel Study.† Wikipedia.Org. Aug. 2006. 30 Dec. 2006 .

Lisas Ritual a Poetry Essay - 1534 Words

Professor Mark Fink English 1020 September 8, 2009 I. The poem that I chose to write about for my assignment is â€Å"Lisa’s Ritual, Age 10 by Grace Carolyn Bridges. The reason I chose this poem is because as soon as I read it, I immediately felt drawn to this poem, something that seems important when connecting with a piece of work. The poem appears to focus on a young girl named Lisa, and her experience with incest between herself her father. It touches not only on that experience, but how it makes this little girl feel, and what she does after each time this happens to her. Throughout my paper, I hope to analyze the poem, and ultimately gain a better understanding as to what exactly the author is trying to convey through†¦show more content†¦Sweaty, hairy, sticking to skin–these are all things that are very much unpleasant, and only further helps the speaker convey how awful her experience has been. She is simply a child, and these traits are very unappealing to a 10 year old. And the wall is just the opposite of that (or him, rather). Strong, smells fresh, familiar, clean. While leaning against the wall, the little girl finds herself drifting away from the experience, probably because she is so worn from going through it. The wall offers her temporary protection, and for that, she seems grateful. â€Å"...falls away:† (20) â€Å"...hands lost† (21) all give an impression that she is slipping away to a place that is anywhere but where she is. Also, â€Å"like kitchen dirt slips off the dustpan into noplace† (27-29) it shows that it doesn’t matter where she slips to, as long as it’s away from where she’s at is all that matters. The final stanza picks up right where the second left off, but it brings full circle her feelings after going through what she did. â€Å"a place where nothing happens, nothing ever happened.† ( 31-33) lets the reader know that she wishes to be somewhere that this never could have happened. This is a safe place that the little girl takes herself to, because where she is now doesn’t offer her that protection. Because of her experience, she has imagined a place where she could be safe from what her father is doing, and theShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCulture’s Functions 516 †¢ Culture Creates Climate 516 †¢ Culture as a Liability 517 Creating and Sustaining Culture 519 How a Culture Begins 519 †¢ Keeping a Culture Alive 519 †¢ Summary: How Cultures Form 523 How Employees Learn Culture 523 Stories 523 †¢ Rituals 524 †¢ Material Symbols 524 †¢ Language 524 Creating an Ethical Organizational Culture 525 Creating a Positive Organizational Culture 527 Spirituality and Organizational Culture 529 What Is Spirituality? 529 †¢ Why Spirituality Now? 530 †¢ Characteristics